CHỨC NĂNG ĐỘNG TỪ(VERB FUNCTION)

CÁC CÔNG THỨC CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ:


Động từ có 2 loại: Tự động từ(intransitive verb)=Là động từ không có túc từ(object) và Tha động từ(transitive verb)=Là động từ phải có túc từ(object)
EX: I swim-> to SWIM is an intransitive verb; I like him-> to LIKE is a transitive verb

Các chữ viết tắt: Verb function(VF), Subject(S), Vi(intransitive verb=nội động từ=tự động từ), Vt(transitive verb=ngoại động từ=tha động từ), l(linking verb=động từ nối), DO(direct object=túc từ trực tiếp), IO(indirect object=túc từ gián tiếp), C(complement=bổ túc từ), BI(bare infinitive=động từ nguyên mẫu không TO), PR.P(present participle=động tính từ hiện tại), P.P(past participle=động tính từ quá khứ), ADJ(adjective=tính tứ)
Dưới đây là những công thức giúp chúng ta viết đúng ngữ pháp tiếng Anh:
+ VF1: S + Vi
EX: I go, She works, They travel.
+ VF2: S + Vt + DO
EX: He teaches English, They clap(vỗ) their hands.
+ VF3: S + Vl + SC(Subject Complement)
(to be=thì, là, ở, to become=trở thành, to get=trở nên, to look=trông có vẻ, to feel=cảm thấy, to sound=nghe có vẻ, to taste=nếm có vẻ, to smell=ngửi có vẻ, to seem=có vẻ như, to keep=như có vẻ,...)
EX: I am a doctor, She feels happy, They get better.
+ VF4: S + Vt + DO(What) + IO(Who)
(to send=gửi,to advance=đưa trước, to award=thưởng, to bring=đưa đến, to give=cho, to take=đem đi, to rent= cho thuê, to grant=cho, to hand=đưa bằng tay, to lease=cho thuê dài hạn, to leave=để lại, to lend=cho mượn, to loan=cho vay, to mail=gửi bằng bưu điện, to offer=tặng, to owe=thiếu nợ, to pass=đưa cho, to pay=trả tiền, to repay=trả lại, to sell=bán, to show=chỉ, to sing=hát, to teach=dạy, to tell=kể, to write=viết,...)
EX: He gives a red rose to her(He gives her a red rose), They advance some money to Paul, I passed the salt to Maria.
+ VF5: S + Vt + DO + BI
(to make=làm cho, kiếm cho, bắt buộc, to let=để cho, cho phép, to have=nhờ, to help=giúp,...)
EX: She made him go, I let them sleep, I have my sister buy some food, I help my father do the gardening)
+ VF6: S + Vt + DO + PR.P
(to catch=bắt gặp, to find=thấy, to keep=bắt buộc, làm cho, to leave=để cho, bỏ mặc, to set=khởi động, to start=khởi động,...)
EX: She caught him looking at her, We found the boy playing in the garden, I kept him waiting)
+ VF7: S + Vt + DO + BI/PR.P
(to look at, to see, to watch, to notice=để ý, to observe, to listen to, to hear, to taste, to smell, to feel)
EX: They look at me play tennis(toàn bộ hành động)/ The look at me playing tennis(Một phần hành động)
+ VF8: S + Vt + DO + ADJ/PP
EX: He keeps the door white/ He keeps the door locked; They make the house clean/ They have the house painted.
+ VF9: S + Vt + DO + OC(Object Complement)
(to call, to make, to appoint=đề nghị, to assign=phân công, to consider=coi như, to vote=bỏ phiếu, to elect=bầu, to choose=chọn, to designate=chỉ định,..)
EX: I call her Patty; We make our child a singer; They appoint him a secretary, I consider her my sister.
Note: I choose her FOR my leader/ I consider her AS my sister/ I consider her TO BE my sister.
+ VF10:
@ S+ Vt + GERUND
( to admit=nhận, to anticipate=mong đợi, to appreciate=cảm ơn, to avoid=tránh, to consider=dự tính, to delay=hoãn, to deny=phủ nhận, to dislike=không thích, to enjoy=thưởng thức, to finish=xong, to keep=tiếp tục, to mind=bận tâm, to miss=trễ, hụt, to postpone=hoãn, to practice=thực tập, to risk=liều, to suggest=đề nghị,...)
EX: We have to practice speaking English all of the time/ Do you mind opening the door for me?
@ S + Expressions + GERUND
- To be used to(quen): I am used to getting up early
- To get used to(quen): I get used to getting up early
- To be accustomed to, to get accustomed to(quen):
- To object to(phản đối): I object to going out
- To look forward to(mong ước): I look forward to seeing you again
- To go(đi): I go swimming, I go dancing,...
+ VF11:
@ S + V + to + VF
EX: He likes to go/ We expect to see him/ He likes me to stay.
@ S + Vt + to be PP
EX: He likes to be rewarded/ We expect to be respected(only transitive verb)
@ S + Vt + GERUND/TO BE PP(passive)
(to need, to want, to merit, be worth=đáng được, to desire=ước mong)
EX: This book is worth reading(This book is worth to be read)
+ VF12:
@ S + VF + to/in order to + VF
EX: She stays in order to learn English
@ S + VF + VF, VF, VF and VF
EX: She came, picked up, her brother and went home.
@ S + VF, PR.P
EX: The architect is busy, working on the drawing
+ VF13: S + MODAL + VF( Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, had better, would rather, have got to)
EX: I can work/ She will buy my house,...

MODAL VERBS(CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT)

I- USAGES(cách sử dụng):

1- Probability(có thể xảy ra): CAN/ COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT(có lẽ, guess)

EX: He may be in class(Anh ta có lẽ ở trong lớp).

2- Permission(sự cho phép): CAN/ COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT(được phép)

EX: Can I use your computer?( Tôi có được phép sử dụng máy vi tính của bạn không?

3- Ability(khả năng): CAN/ COULD(có thể)

EX: She can speak English(Cô ấy có thể nói tiếng Anh).

4- Future(tương lai): WILL/ SHALL(I/We)(sẽ)

EX: He will come here tomorrow(Anh ấy sẽ đến đây vào ngày mai).

5- Politeness(lịch sự): WOULD......LIKE

EX: Would you like beer?( Bạn muốn uống bia không?)

6- Obligation(bổn phận): SHOULD(nên)

EX: You should study hard(Bạn nên chịu khó học).

7- Moral obligation(bổn phận tinh thần): OUGHT TO(nên)

EX: You ought to obey your parents(Bạn nên vâng lời cha mẹ bạn)

8- Strong obligation(bổn phận bắt buộc): MUST/DON'T HAVE TO(phải)

EX: You must unlock the door(Bạn phải đóng cửa)

9- Recommendation(sự khuyên bảo): HAD BETTER(nên/tốt hơn là)

EX: You had better get up early(Bạn nên thức dậy sớm).

10- Preference(thích hơn): WOULD RATHER(thích hơn/ thà...còn hơn)

EX: It's too hot. We would rather stay at home(Trời quá nóng. Chúng ta thà ở nhà còn hơn).

11- Prohibition(sự cấm đoán): MUSTN'T(không được)

EX: You mustn't stay at home(Bạn không được ở nhà).

II- NOTES(các lưu ý):

- Negative của "MUST" là "DON'T HAVE TO"(không phải).

- SHALL dùng với YOU, HE, SHE, IT, THEY = Phải(lời hứa).

- MUST=TO HAVE GOT TO=TO HAVE TO=PHẢI=TO BE SUPPOSED TO=TO BE TO=PHẢI(sự mong ước)

EX: I've got to leave tomorrow; The meeting is supposed to begin at 6:00 PM; You are to come here at noon.

- WILL=TO BE GOING TO=SẼ, He is going to come tomorrow.

- CAN=TO BE ABLE TO=CÓ THỂ, He is able to speak English.

- MAY=TO BE ALLOWED TO=ĐƯỢC PHÉP, He is allowed to go out

To be fined: Bị phạt, To permit=To allow: Cho phép

EX: My parents don't allow me to attend his party; I may not attend his party; I am not allowed to attend his party.

- USED TO=WOULD + VERB=Thường, đã từng(thói quen trong quá khứ).

EX: When I was young, I used to go to bed early=When I was young, I would go to bed early.

- TO BE(GET) USED TO = TO BE(GET) ACCUSTOMED TO = TO BE FAMILIAR WITH = THÓI QUEN(Chia động từ to be/to get ở quá khứ, hiện tại và tương lai + GERUND).

EX:
I am used to sleeping early now=I get used to sleeping early now=I am accustomed to sleeping early now=I get accustomed to sleeping early now=I am familiar with sleeping early now( Bây giờ tôi có thói quen dậy sớm).
When I was young, I was used to sleeping early(Khi tôi còn trẻ, tôi đã có thói quen dậy sớm).
I will be used to sleeping early(Tôi sẽ có thói quen dậy sớm).

SỰ KHÁC BIỆT GIỮA USED TO và TO BE(GET) USED TO là USED TO + V(infinitive), TO BE(GET) USED TO + GERUND.

CÁI THÌ TRONG TIẾNG ANH:

I- PRESENT TENSES:

1-Present simple: S + V(e/es)

Usage:

1/ General facts(GF): He is my son

2/ Habits(Ha): He works everyday

3/ Hobbies(Ho): He plays the violin

4/ Purpose(Pu): He works in order to earn money.

2-Present continuous: S + am/is/are + V-ING

Usage:
- Actions lasting now(NOW, AT PRESENT, AT THE MOMENT):
+ We're living with Mark.
+ He's going to school.
+ We're selling computers.
- Actions lasting with THIS...(THIS WEEK, THIS MONTH, THIS YEAR, ect)
+ Mark's taking his final examination this week.

3-Present perpect: S + have/has + PP

Usage:
- Completed: Mark has gone to Hawaii/ Mark has just gone to Hawaii
- Already started:
+ He's stayed home for 3 days.
+ He's stayed home since Monday evening.
+ He's stayed since we saw him.

4-Present perfect continious: S + have/has been + V-ING.

Usage:
- Completed and lasting with/without LATELY, RECENTLY.
+ He's been helping a lot of his friends lately.
+ He's been making some money recently.
- Started and lasting till now:
+ He's been working for this company for 3 months.
+ He's been singing in the school choir for 3 years.


II- PAST TENSES:

1-Past simple: S + V(ed/2nd)

Usage:
- A time in the past: He called me up last night.
- + Ago: We played chess two days ago.

2-Past continuous: S + was/were + V-ING

Usage:

3-Past perfect: S + had + PP

Usage:

4-Past perfect continuous: S + had been + V-ING

Usage:

5-Past future: S + WOULD + V

Usage:

III- FURURE TENSES:

1-Future simple: S + will + V

Usage:

2-Future coutinuous: S + will be + V-ING

Usage:

3-Future perfect: S + will have + PP

Usage:

4-Future perfect continuous: S + will have been + V-ING

Usage:

IV- CONDITIONAL TENSES:

1-Conditional simple: S + would + V

Usage:

2-Conditional continuous: S + would be + V-ING

Usage:

3-Conditional perfect: S + would have+ PP

Usage:

4-Conditional perfect continuous: S + would have been + V-ING

Usage:










ĐỘNG TỪ BẤT QUY TẮC

SIMPLE FORM/ SIMPLE PAST/ PAST PARTICIPLE/ PRESENT PARTICIPLE/ VIETNAMESE MEANING

Bring/ Brought/ Brought/ Bringing/ Mang

Buy/ Bought/ Bought/ Buying/ Mua

Fight/ Fought/ Fought/ Fighting/ Chiếu đấu

Think/ Thought/ Thought/ Thinking/ Nghĩ


Beat/ Beat/ Beaten/ Beating/ Đánh đập

Eat/ Ate/ Eaten/ Eating/ Ăn

Bite/ Bit/ Bitten/ Biting/ Cắn

Hide/ Hid/ Hidden/ Hiding/ Trốn

Ride/ Rode/ Ridden/ Riding/ Cưỡi

Rise/ Rose/ Risen/ Rising/ Mọc lên



Blow/ Blew/ Blown/ Blowing/ Thổi

Fly/ Flew/ Flown/ Flying/ Bay

Grow/ Grew/ Grown/ Growing/ Lớn lên, Trồng

Know/ Knew/ Known/ Knowing/ Biết

Show/ Showed/ Shown(Showed)/ Showing/ Chỉ cho thấy



Mean/ Meant/ Meant/ Meaning/ Có nghĩa

Dream/ Dreamt/ Dreamt/ Dreaming/ Mơ

Learn/ Learnt/ Learnt/ Learning/ Học

Lean/ Leant/ Leant/ Leaning/ Dực vào



Break/ Broke/ Broken/ Breaking/ Bể, làm vỡ

Speak/ Spoke/ Spoken/ Speaking/ Nói, phát biểu



Catch/ Caught/ Caught/ Catching/ Bắt, Chụp

Teach/ Taught/ Taught/ Teaching/ Dạy



Choose/ Chose/ Chosen/ Choosing/ Chọn lựa



Come/ Came/ Come/ Coming/ Đến

Become/ Became/ Become/ Becoming/ Trở nên

Overcome/ Overcame/ Overcome/ Overcoming/ Vượt qua



Drink/ Drank/ Drunk/ Drinking/ Uống

Begin/ Began/ Begun/ Beginning/ Bắt đầu